Diminishing Returns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diminishing Returns - Essay Example This article is a write up about how the law of diminishing returns has affected the popularity and profitability of the social media. The write up focuses on the idea of applications and advertisements on the social media sites having been stretched too far. Facebook is undoubtedly the most popular social media website operating in the present world. Apart from Facebook, other common social media sites are Instagram, Tumblr, Twitter, SnapChat and Tinder. Facebook is widely used and is an active medium of advertisement by businesses. However, the number of users of Facebook seems to have reached a stagnation level. The overuse of applications and third party advertisements seems to have clouded the interests of the Facebook users. The law of diminishing returns can be applied to the stagnant user profiles of Facebook through the evaluation that the increase in the number of advertisements have led to a decrease in the interests of the avid users of Facebook. The law of diminishing re turns is applicable for Facebook and other social media sites as well because the use of extensive applications have created the need for Facebook and other social media sites to make their active users become more interested to use the platforms of these sites (Gerber, 2014). The social media sites try to attract the attention of their users to different businesses through the advertisements in the sites. However, Facebook and other social media sites can be identified to have missed the consideration of the customer cognition levels.

Republic of Ireland’s Primary Care Strategy: An Analysis

Republic of Ireland’s Primary Care Strategy: An Analysis Primary Care Strategy Introduction â€Å"Primary care is the first point of contact that people have with the health and personal social services.†[1] This means that primary care must be sufficiently well developed to be able to address the most complex and diverse range of health-related challenges and problems that will manifest in healthcare service provision, and make the most of opportunities to promote health and reduce morbidity, across the general population in specific target groups. This essay will explore the Republic of Ireland’s primary care strategy in relation to key goals and targets, and also examine some elements of the strategy in terms of a SWOT analysis. Specific reference will be made to the role of the Specialist Public Health Nurse/Health Visitor Role. Main Body Primary Care can be defined as â€Å"first contact, continuous, comprehensive, and coordinated care provided to populations undifferentiated by gender, disease, or organ system.†[2] Primary care is about the provision of information, diagnosis, treatment, referral and support for the majority of people who access healthcare services for the first time, and the strategic concerns of primary are related to accessibility, provision of short and long-term care which meets the needs of the population, assessment of those needs, and coordination of services to meet those needs[3]. This has many implications for the provision of healthcare services and the management of increasingly scarce resources. However, it is evident from the literature that in most locations, primary healthcare services still have a long way to go in meeting the goals of primary healthcare itself, particularly in relation to improving integration of services and reorienting services to a person-centred model, rather than a disease-centred model. Primary healthcare is viewed as a means of reducing the use of and demand for overall healthcare services by acting as a gatekeeper for secondary healthcare, and as a means of primary prevention of healthcare problems and disease, particularly in high risk groups of the population, but there is ongoing evidence and debate within the academic literature that there are continuing issues about the lack of egalitarian access to such services and ongoing questions about the ways in which they are provided[4]. It is considered by some that the decisions which govern the design and delivery of primary care services are potentially more based on political drivers than true patient need[5]. Similarly, the gateway function of the primary care service in determining which patients have access to acute care (or secondary care) services may not be based on individual need, but on other factors, such as political, social and even personal factors, including prejudices on the part of healthcare professionals[6]. The primary care strategy, if it provides strong guidance which leads to strong leadership, and perhaps enhances management of care through the use of agreed care pathways which guide decision making, might help eradicate some of these factors. Making the person-centred care model central will also help to remove some of the barriers to egalitarian service provision[7]. However, one of the challenges of the Republic of Ireland model is the fact that two thirds of patients in primary care must pay for their care, which would mean that despite the focus on removing inequalities in access, there continue to be challenges for providing equality of acces s[8]. One of the strengths of the primary care strategy is the focus on improving interprofessional working and communications, as a means of streamlining use of services and preventing doubling up or overlap of services[9]. Improving interprofessional working at the primary care level is one thing, but the strategy also needs to ensure that the intersection between primary and secondary care is properly managed, and that patients moving from acute care settings into community settings continue to have a streamlined, person-centred model of care applied, with good continuity of care[10]. However, there is also a need for the provision of strong leadership, which supports the implementation of the changes associated with this re-orientation of primary care in Ireland, and which supports new ways of working and helps to break down the barriers between the professions[11], [12]. This is where the role of the Health Visitor can be examined in a little more detail, in relation to realising some of the goals of the Primary Care Strategy, and in addressing some of the challenges of this. It has long been the case that Health Visitors work across professional boundaries, and work closely with a range of other health professionals, because within the community, specialist and generic roles are equally required in supporting individual patient need[13]. The interprofessional interface is perhaps one of the most fundamental elements of the work of the Health Visitor, but at the same time is perhaps not given enough attention or credit in terms of the impact that Health Visitors have in the prevention of illness and public health sectors of primary healthcare[14], [15]. The Public Health focus of the primary care strategy is inherent in much of the rhetoric it contains, particularly as it expressly cites the potential for preventive strategies to reduce overall healthcare resource use[16]. It is here that the Health Visitor’s role perhaps has the greatest scope, and should be more strongly underlined, as this is a great resource for change. Research shows that the role of the health visitor is paramount and unparalleled, in reducing risk related behaviours, improving health outcomes, promoting healthy lifestyles and engaging in the more challenging areas of the health/social car interface[17], [18], [19]. However, there is also some evidence to suggest that nurses and, in particular, health visitors, have a key role to play in expanding and delivering the public health dimension of primary care[20]. In particular, the development of improved partnerships in health and social care may be made possible through the role of such nurses, who have the broader community knowledge as well as specialist knowledge of key areas of public health[21]. These partnerships can be developed with a focus on the quality of care provision, not just the identification of need[22], [23], [24]. However, managing the development of improved partnerships, and achieving the goals of the Strategy, is going to be challenging during the transition period, and there may be a degree of uncertainty over roles and boundaries[25]. It might be that Health Visitors are in a prime position to provide the leadership required during such a time. Conclusions and Recommendations. Below is a summary of a brief SWOT analysis of the primary care strategy and isome of its potential implications. Table 1 SWOT analysis of Primary Care (with Reference to the Republic of Ireland Primary Health Strategy[26]) This shows that while there are issues with weaknesses and threats, many of these are the kind that have been present within the primary arena for some time, and it will take good leadership, and good use of existing skills and resources, to achieve the goals of the strategy. While the primary care focus for healthcare services is laudable, there is still the overwhelming need for good resourcing, more clarity about provision, and clear guidance on how to move forward to achieve these goals. Making use of existing roles, such as that of the Health Visitor, whose work crosses the intersections of care at so many points in the primary care sector, could improve quality of care, reduce the impact of the change and transition, and also set standards for the future to increase interprofessional communication and partnership. Certainly it should not be assumed that the strategy will eradicate all the existing problems about the provision of primary care in Ireland, and those problems must still be addressed in future provision[30]. References 213615 Allen, P. (2000) Accountability for clinical governance: developing collective responsibility for quality in primary care. British Medical Journal 321: 608–611. Barlow, J., Davis, H., McIntosh, E. et al (2007) Role of home visiting in improving parenting and health in families at risk of abuse and neglect: results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation Archives of Disease in Childhood 92 229-233. Campbell, S.M., Roland, M.O., Middleton, E. and Reeves, D. (2005) Improvements in quality of clinical care in English general practice 1998-2003: longitudinal observational study. BMJ 12;331(7525):1121 Carr, S.M. (2007) Leading change in public health – factors that inhibit and facilitate energizing the process. PrimaryHealth Care Research and Development. 8 207-215. Chavasse, J. (1998) Policy as an influence on public health nuse education in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Advanced Nursing 28 (1) 172-177. Chavasse, J. (1995) Public Health Nursing in the Republic of Ireland. Nursing Review 14 (1) 4-8. Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) The Impact of Institutional Forces Upon Knowledge Sharing in the UK NHS: The Triumph of Professional Power and the Inconsistency of Policy. Public Administration 84 (1) 1-30. Department of Health and Children (2001) Primary Care: a New Direction. Available from: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/primcare.pdf?direct=1 Accessed 10-11-08. Douglas, F., van Teijlingen, E., Torrance, N. et al (2006) Promoting physical activity inprimary care settings: health visitors’ and practice nurses’ views and experiences. Journal of Advanced Nursing 55 (2) 159-168. Dunnion, M.E. Kelly, B. (2005) From the emergency department to home Journal of Clinical Nursing 14 776-785. Ewles, L. (2005). Key Topics in Public Health. London. Churchill Livingstone. Jackson, C., Coe, A., Cheater, F.M. and Wroe, S. (2007) Specialist health visitor-led weight management intervention in primary care: exploratory evaluation Journal of Advanced Nursing 58 (1) 23-34. Lordan, G. (2007) What determines a patient’s treatment? Evidence from out of hours primary care co-op data in the Republic of Ireland. Health Care Management and Science 10 283-292. McGregor, P., Nolan, A., Nolan, B. and O’Neill, C. (2007) A comparison of GP visiting in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. ESRI Working Ppaper Avaialble from www.esri.ie Accessed 10-11-08. McMurray, R. and Chester, F. (2003) Partnerships for health: expanding the public health nursing role within PCTs. Primary Health Care Research and Development4 57-65. Masterson, A. (2002) Cross-boundary working: a macro-political analysis of the impact on professional roles. Journal of Clinical Nursing 11 331-339. Mitchell, P.S., Schaad, D.C, Odegard, P.S. Ballweg, R.A. (2006) Working across the boundaries of health professions disciplines in education, research and service: the University of Washington experience. Academic Medicine 81 (10) 891-896. O’Dowd, A. (2005) Uncertainty over reorganisation is destabilising primary care. BMJ331 1164 Price, B. (2006) Exploring person-centred care. Nursing Standard 20 (50) 49-56. Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. (2001) Primary health and social care services in the UK: progress towards partnership? Social Science Medicine 56 (8) 1773-1782 Stanley, D., Reed, J. Brown, S. (1999) Older people, care management and interprofessional practice. Journal of Interprofessional Care 13 (3) 229-237. Starfield, B. (1994) Is primary care essential The Lancet 344 1129-1133. Thomas, P., Graffy, J., Wallace, P. (2006) How Primary Care Networks Can Help Integrate Academic and Service Initiatives in Primary Care Annals of Family Medicine 4:235-239. Vernon, S., Ross, F. Gould, M.A. (2000) Assessment of older people: politics and practice in primary care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 (2) 282-287. Watkins, D., Edwards, J. Gastrell, P. eds. (2003). Community Health Nursing: Frameworks for Practice. 2nd ed. p.35. London, Baillià ¨re Tindall. 1 Footnotes [1] Department of Health and Children (2001) p 7. [2] Starfield, B. (1994) [3] Starfield (ibid) [4] Vernon, S., Ross, F. Gould, M.A. (2000) [5] Vernon (ibid) [6] Starfield (ibid). [7] Price, B. (2006) [8] McGregor, P., Nolan, A., Nolan, B. and O’Neill, C. (2007) [9] Stanley, D., Reed, J. Brown, S. (1999) [10] Dunnion, M.E. Kelly, B. (2005) [11] Carr, S.M. (2007) [12] Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) [13] Watkins, D., Edwards, J. Gastrell, P. eds. (2003). [14] Ewles, L. (2005). [15] Jackson, C., Coe, A., Cheater, F.M. and Wroe, S. (2007) [16] Department of Health and Children (ibid). [17] Barlow, J., Davis, H., McIntosh, E. et al (2007) [18] McMurray, R. and Chester, F. (2003) [19] Douglas, F., van Teijlingen, E., Torrance, N. et al (2006) [20] McMurray (ibid) [21] McMurray (ibid) [22] Allen, P. (2000) [23] Campbell, S.M., Roland, M.O., Middleton, E. and Reeves, D. (2005) [24] Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. (2001) [25] O’Dowd, A. (2005) [26] Department of Health and Children (ibid). [27] Masterson, A. (2002) [28] Mitchell, P.S., Schaad, D.C, Odegard, P.S. Ballweg, R.A. (2006). [29] Thomas, P., Graffy, J., Wallace, P. (2006) [30] Lordan, G. (2007)

Essay --

In Defence of Terror and Liberty This essay is a summary of the first two chapters of â€Å"In Defence of Terror and Liberty.† It takes into cognizance important points raised by the book in regard to the French Revolution. The first part of the summary deals with chapter 1 of the book while the second one summarizes chapter 2 of the same book. The first chapter to discuss is â€Å"The Emotions in the Demand for Terror.† To the French people, the Revolution was a national project which was to be undertaken by all bonafide citizens of the country. Also, they viewed the Revolution as a fight to defend their basic rights. This chapter of this book presents a lot of points in connection with the Revolution. The first point is that the people’s feelings are closely tied to events which further elicited more reactions. One of such events happened in 1793: the death of Marat. In the quotation, â€Å"the death of Marat aroused a feeling of dread in the people of Paris. This dread was initially sublimated in the form taken by Marat’s funeral ceremony, before being turned into a popular demand for vengeance and terror.† In the quotation above, the events that was closely tied to the demand for vengeance is the manner Marat’s death. Apparently, Marat was a revolutionist who died while fighting for what they believed in. The way Marat died elicited dread, which is one of the basic ingredients that unified the people to request for the addition of terror to their defense when defending themselves against their enemies. To have a firm grip of why dread was a stimulus, it is essential to understand the people’s belief in regard to freedom. The second point highlighted by this chapter is that the death of a martyr is considered as a tragedy which demands ve... ...t not be desecrated by anyone. Attempts to do so were met with a fight. These are highlighted by skirmishes among revolutionists. Having read through the book, I find it both technical and interesting to read. It is technical because the choices of words and sentence structure were top-notch and efforts were not spared at making the paper interesting. Further, after reading the book, it seemed as if I was reading the French Revolution for the first time because it gave detailed analysis of facts which could easily elude the public. Conclusively, I did have ‘enough’ knowledge of the Revolution before reading this book. However, I had not read these parts of the Revolution before in any book. The first few facts I encountered in chapter one whet my appetite to read further. Eventually, I read the book and feel more knowledgeable on the Revolution which shook France.

A look into Brave New World Essay

Many times there is an underlying topic to a novel and what it truly means. For Brave New World, there are many underlying ideas as to the makeup of Aldous Huxley’s novel. For example, themes like science, sex, power, freedom and confinement, drugs and alcohol, society and class, and dissatisfaction as different themes that Huxley produces in the novel. Also there could be many symbols in the novel including, bottles and Ford. Not only are these themes and symbols throughout the novel, but there also could be a direct tie to Brave New World with Freud. Aldous Huxley’s novel, Brave New World is about a futuristic society where humans are made from bottles that go through a brainwashing after their growth in a bottle. Each citizen is instructed to serve the community, they are there to be consumers and workers and to do their job. The bottles are placed in a caste, and according to each caste is how they are to grow up and become a part of society. For example, the Alphas are one of a kind; they are smart, tall and muscular. Contrasting, the Epsilons are grown in batches of 100 identical dumb, ugly and short humans. In order to keep the five castes separate, all but the Alphas are given harmful substances to keep them â€Å"stupid.† In the novel, Mustapha Mond states â€Å"The optimum population†¦ Is modeled on the iceberg- eight-ninths below the water line, one-ninth above (Huxley, 223)† Mond claims that those under the water line are actually happier than those above it, another reason being that those in the upper castes are more seen and are the face of the society whereas those in the lower casts are of non-importance. In both Brave New World and in Freud’s studies, there is a lot of focus on the sexual aspect of human life. In Brad Buchanan’s article â€Å"Oedipus in Dystopia: Freud and Lawrence in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World† Buchanan claims that throughout Huxley’s life, he often rejected Freud and his ideas, however, the tone of Brave New World speaks otherwise (Buchanan, 75). Freud studies the psychosexual stages throughout a child’s life; this idea relates to the life that Huxley portrays in his novel. In Brave New World, sex is a major focus in the community’s day-to-day activities, no one gets married, and everyone can â€Å"have† everyone. There are no direct ties to each other, and there is no problem of over population because of all the babies being made in bottles on the assembly line. This creates a power in the makers’ ability, because the babies are made to their specification. Power is another theme in Brave New World. In the novel, the citizens are brainwashed to be happy with the laws and not to â€Å"fight the man† when it comes to changing the laws because they have been programmed to love the laws and their entirety. This power is bolstered by the endless supply of drugs, the ability to be promiscus, the denial of history or future as any alternative to the present, and with the brainwashing at a young age. This is directly influenced by the freedom and confinement theme within the novel. Citizens are always in a state of imprisonment, but because they have been conditioned to love their servitude, no one seems to have any problems with it. This also creates the theme of dissatisfaction. This society leaves something to be wanted, mostly individuality, passion and love because individuals have been programed to be happy, those who do feel this dissatisfaction are confused by it and completely unsure of how to act. Most of the individuals that are experiencing dissatisfaction are often turned to drugs. In Brave New World, soma is used quite frequently throughout the novel. Soma is described as the perfect drug; for example, it has all of the benefits (calming, surrealistic and 10-hour long highs) without all of the negatives (no guilt or hangovers). Like the early brainwashing, the citizens are also conditioned to love this drug, and they use it to escape any momentary bouts of dissastification. Along with the many themes throughout the novel, there are also many symbols that correlate with them. One symbol is the bottle, if taken in a way that we see these bottles today, this could be an extreme designer baby technique. This symbol of the bottle could be that if designer babies become even larger than they already are, that an entire society will be completely made up of these â€Å"designer babies†. Ford as a symbol in the novel reveals the new world’s value system. Henry Ford is famous for the perfection of mass production and the assembly line. In the new world, humans are mass-produced and grown with the help of the assembly line. With Ford as the new world’s deity, efficiency, production, and consumerism are the most important values whereas with a more traditional deity, morality, compassion and piety are the most important values. Even though, the new world may seem like a place of happiness and carefree living, it is warped beyond all being. There are many themes in the novel with a symbol that could correlate to the true meaning of what the novel means. Works Cited Buchanan, Brad â€Å"Oedipus in Dystopia: Freud and Lawrence in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World† Journal of Modern Literature. 25.3/4. (2002) 75-89. Print Huxley, Aldous Brave New World. New York: 1946. Print.

Goals of Community Corrections Essay

Identify the goals of Community Corrections and determine if the goals are being met. What would be your team’s recommendation to improve Community Corrections? Today, 3 out of every 4 persons under correctional supervision in the United States are on some form of community-based custody-mostly probation or parole-although community corrections also includes halfway houses, residential centers, work furlough, and all other programs for managing the offender in the community. It is a legal status, an alternative to incarceration, a service-delivery mechanism, and an organizational entity. As an organizational entity, it has objectives and performs a wide range of activities-some totally unrelated to offender supervision and/or treatment. Having been founded more than 150 years ago, community corrections still has an unclear primary mission, with confusion about what activities contribute to that mission and how best to assess their performance. It’s amazing what people will believe and live by simply because â€Å"that’s the way it has always been.† Nobody ever thought to question the standard from which it began. Now, 150 years later, the problem is so magnificent that the mere thought of tackling such an issue exhaust the mind, therefore no one tries. The goals of community corrections that we have come across while researching include punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. I have found that this is a general outlook on the goals of community corrections, each corrections institute has their own set of goals for their particular community corrections department. Sharon found that the goals of the Florida department of corrections are: 1) Protect the public, staff and inmates 2) Develop staff committed to professionalism and fiscal responsibility 3) Ensure victims and stakeholders are treated with dignity, sensitivity and respect in making and executing administrative and operational decisions 4) Prepare offenders for re-entry and release into society are to see that offenders obey the law and to help them identify and address their problems. Shelly found that in Louisiana a few goals and priorities of public safety and community corrections are: public safety, of course hence the name, staff and inmate safety, provisions for service, opportunity for change, and the opportunity to make amends. The Louisiana corrections community also held a heart walk in Baton Rouge in March of last year hoping to raise money to help the communities that have been harmed by crimes. This allowed those who have changed or with a desire to change to be able to show their willingness and involvement. They raised over $37,000. I am not sure if the goals of community corrections are being made but it seems as if they are making a darn good effort. Community Corrections is basically the governments formula of keeping track of individuals who are insane or have somehow wronged society. The goal of The Community Corrections claim to be protecting the public, staff, and inmates. What exactly are Community Corrections protecting us from? It seems to me that Community Corrections are more avid in protecting profits, not people. The concept was developed 150 years ago in order to keep track of, punish, or incarcerate (remove) individuals who pose a problem to society. Vanessa personally thinks it is a huge joke and its funny how everyone accepts it. Community Correction’s say, â€Å"A community must take these necessary measures in order to stay viable.† What measures are being taken? That depends on where the individual lives. Even then it is rare to see a community excel or benefit from any of these â€Å"measures† taken. If the government really wanted to correct problems in the community they would start by developing a standard from which to start. This would begin with identifying actual problems and researching the best method to deal with the problems. Only then could they create a unified community corrections facility that actually does what it’s name claims. To improve community corrections :The National Institute of Corrections should 1) take a pro active leadership role in influencing national policies, practices, and operations by developing programs that address areas of emerging interest and concern to corrections executives, practitioners, and public policy makers; 2) Respond to client agencies and staff with relevant and useful assistance to improve their corrections systems. We need to improve offender job training and placement efforts. â€Å"Public safety† and â€Å"restorative justice† are big ideas now making claims on the future of community corrections. Despite their uncertain futures, restorative justice and public safety are already  reshaping community corrections around the country. In order for public safety to serve as a strategic objective for community corrections, answers are needed to some basic questions: What is public safety? Where is it found? What would probation and parole agencies have to do for there to be more of it? In popular discourse, public safety is equated with more arrests, more prisoners, longer sentences, and lower rates of recidivism. These are conventional output measures of the criminal justice  system, but they are poor proxies for public safety. Public safety defined: As an objective for community corrections, public safety is best conceived as  the condition of a place, at times when people in that place are justified in feeling free of threat to their persons and property.[2] As a condition of place and time, public safety is threatened whenever a vulnerable person or unguarded property is in the same place as a potential offender at a time when

Continue and Continue on

Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on By Maeve Maddox Ralph Mielcarek writes: Please explain: Is the phrase CONTINUE ON - giving advice or instruction, considered redundant, or will CONTINUE suffice? The phrase continue on generally triggers a blackboard moment for me. I accept the use of the on in a statement such as Talks continue on the topic of global warming but I see no use for on for a statement such as The children may continue on with their search for leaves. The entry for continue on in Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage acknowledges ongoing objections to the phrase: A half dozen or more commentators from Ayres 1881 to Chambers 1985 have dismissed continue on as a redundancy, with the on considered (usually) superfluous. Ayres himself found the on to be euphonious in some expressions, but superfluous in others. Later commentators seem to have missed the euphony. One, however, Safire 1984, defends the expression when applied to travel. The entry concludes: If you are one of the few who use continue on, you may keep right on using it. And if you do not use it, of course, there is no reason to begin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHyper and HypoWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Quotations for a 25th Wedding Anniversary Toast

Quotations for a 25th Wedding Anniversary Toast It calls for a celebration when a couple has been together for a quarter of a century and their relationship has survived the battles of this disparaging world. This celebration would be incomplete without a 25th wedding anniversary toast being raised to the eternal couple. Use a few quotes from the ones given below to make your 25th wedding anniversary toast a special one. Quotes AnonymousSpouse: someone wholl stand by you through all the trouble you wouldnt have had if youd stayed single. Henry FordComing together is the beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Og MandinoTreasure the love you receive above all. It will survive long after your good health has vanished. Zig ZiglarMany marriages would be better if the husband and the wife clearly understood that they are on the same side. David and Vera MaceThe development of a really good marriage is not a natural process. It is an achievement. Ralph Waldo EmersonMarriage is the perfection of what love aimed at, ignorant of what it sought. Elbert HubbardLove grows by giving. The love we give away is the only love we keep. The only way to retain love is to give it away. Chinese ProverbMarried couples who love each other tell each other a thousand things without talking. Hans MargoliusOne man by himself is nothing. Two people who belong together make a world. J. P. McEvoyThe Japanese have a word for it. Its Judo- the art of conquering by yielding. The Western equivalent of judo is, Yes, dear. Johann Wolfgang  von GoetheThe sum which two married people owe to one another defies calculation. It is an infinite debt, which can only be discharged through all eternity. Wedding Anniversary Toast Etiquette Who should make the toast at a wedding anniversary celebration and when should you make them? At a wedding reception, the toast is made by the Best Man after grace is said by a clergyman and before the meal begins. However, you have more options for a wedding anniversary, which would follow the etiquette for a birthday party or formal dinner that has a guest of honor. In this case, the host of the celebration rises to offer a welcoming toast after the guests are seated. Another toast can be offered in honor of the guests of honor when dessert has been served and the champagne and alternative toasting beverages have been served. The toast should not be so long as to keep the guests from enjoying their dessert before it has melted. There can be several rounds of toasts from others in attendance, who rise to give a toast. The guests of honor do not drink when toasted, however. The host is obligated to keep the toasting beverages refilled. The guest of honor is then obligated to rise and thank the host and drink a toast to the host.

Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill

Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill Nine months after Sir Winston Churchill failed to be reelected as Britains Prime Minister, Churchill traveled by train with President Harry Truman to make a speech. On March 5, 1946, at the request of Westminster College in the small Missouri town of Fulton (population of 7,000), Churchill gave his now famous Iron Curtain speech to a crowd of 40,000. In addition to accepting an honorary degree from the college, Churchill made one of his most famous post-war speeches. In this speech, Churchill gave the very descriptive phrase that surprised the United States and Britain, From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Before this speech, the U.S. and Britain had been concerned with their own post-war economies and had remained extremely grateful for the Soviet Unions proactive role in ending World War II. It was Churchills speech, which he titled The Sinews of Peace, that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Though many people believe that Churchill coined the phrase the iron curtain during this speech, the term had actually been used for decades (including in several earlier letters from Churchill to Truman). Churchills use of the phrase gave it wider circulation and made the phrase popularly recognized as the division of Europe into East and West. Many people consider Churchills iron curtain speech the beginning of the Cold War. Below is Churchills The Sinews of Peace speech, also commonly referred to as the Iron Curtain speech, in its entirety. The Sinews of Peace by Winston Churchill I am glad to come to Westminster College this afternoon, and am complimented that you should give me a degree. The name Westminster is somehow familiar to me. I seem to have heard of it before. Indeed, it was at Westminster that I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and one or two other things. In fact we have both been educated at the same, or similar, or, at any rate, kindred establishments. It is also an honour, perhaps almost unique, for a private visitor to be introduced to an academic audience by the President of the United States. Amid his heavy burdens, duties, and responsibilities- unsought but not recoiled from- the President has travelled a thousand miles to dignify and magnify our meeting here to-day and to give me an opportunity of addressing this kindred nation, as well as my own countrymen across the ocean, and perhaps some other countries too. The President has told you that it is his wish, as I am sure it is yours, that I should have full liberty to give my true and faithful counsel in these anxious and baffling times. I shall certainly avail myself of this freedom, and feel the more right to do so because any private ambitions I may have cherished in my younger days have been satisfied beyond my wildest dreams. Let me, however, make it clear that I have no official mission or status of any kind, and that I speak only for myself. There is nothing here but what you see. I can therefore allow my mind, with the experience of a lifetime, to play over the problems which beset us on the morrow of our absolute victory in arms, and to try to make sure with what strength I have that what has been gained with so much sacrifice and suffering shall be preserved for the future glory and safety of mankind. The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. If you look around you, you must feel not only the sense of duty done but also you must feel anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement. Opportunity is here now, clear and shining for both our countries. To reject it or ignore it or fritter it away will bring upon us all the long reproaches of the after-time. It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall guide and rule the conduct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement. When American military men approach some serious situation they are wont to write at the head of their directive the words over-all strategic concept. There is wisdom in this, as it leads to clarity of thought. What then is the over-all strategic concept which we should inscribe today? It is nothing less than the safety and welfare, the freedom and progress, of all the homes and families of all the men and women in all the lands. And here I speak particularly of the myriad cottage or apartment homes where the wage-earner strives amid the accidents and difficulties of life to guard his wife and children from privation and bring the family up in the fear of the Lord, or upon ethical conceptions which often play their potent part. To give security to these countless homes, they must be shielded from the two giant marauders, war and tyranny. We all know the frightful disturbances in which the ordinary family is plunged when the curse of war swoops down upon the bread-winner and those for whom he works and contrives. The awful ruin of Europe, with all its vanished glories, and of large parts of Asia glares us in the eyes. When the designs of wicked men or the aggressive urge of mighty States dissolve over large areas the frame of civilised society, humble folk are confronted with difficulties with which they cannot cope. For them all is distorted, all is broken, even ground to pulp. When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualise what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this period when famine stalks the earth. None can compute what has been called the unestimated sum of human pain. Our supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war. We are all agreed on that. Our American military colleagues, after having proclaimed their over-all strategic concept and computed available resources, always proceed to the next step- namely, the method. Here again there is widespread agreement. A world organisation has already been erected for the prime purpose of preventing war, UNO, the successor of the League of Nations, with the decisive addition of the United States and all that that means, is already at work. We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham, that it is a force for action, and not merely a frothing of words, that it is a true temple of peace in which the shields of many nations can some day be hung up, and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel. Before we cast away the solid assurances of national armaments for self-preservation we must be certain that our temple is built, not upon shifting sands or quagmires, but upon the rock. Anyone can see with his eyes open that our path will be difficult and also long, but if we persevere together as we did in the two world wars- though not, alas, in the interval between them- I cannot doubt that we shall achieve our common purpose in the end. I have, however, a definite and practical proposal to make for action. Courts and magistrates may be set up but they cannot function without sheriffs and constables. The United Nations Organisation must immediately begin to be equipped with an international armed force. In such a matter we can only go step by step, but we must begin now. I propose that each of the Powers and States should be invited to delegate a certain number of air squadrons to the service of the world organisation. These squadrons would be trained and prepared in their own countries, but would move around in rotation from one country to another. They would wear the uniform of their own countries but with different badges. They would not be required to act against their own nation, but in other respects they would be directed by the world organisation. This might be started on a modest scale and would grow as confidence grew. I wished to see this done after the first world war, and I devoutly trust it may be done forthwith. It would nevertheless be wrong and imprudent to entrust the secret knowledge or experience of the atomic bomb, which the United States, Great Britain, and Canada now share, to the world organisation, while it is still in its infancy. It would be criminal madness to cast it adrift in this still agitated and un-united world. No one in any country has slept less well in their beds because this knowledge and the method and the raw materials to apply it, are at present largely retained in American hands. I do not believe we should all have slept so soundly had the positions been reversed and if some Communist or neo-Fascist State monopolised for the time being these dread agencies. The fear of them alone might easily have been used to enforce totalitarian systems upon the free democratic world, with consequences appalling to human imagination. God has willed that this shall not be and we have at least a breathing space to set our house in order before this peril has to be encountered: and even then, if no effort is spared, we should still possess so formidable a superiority as to impose effective deterrents upon its employment, or threat of employment, by others. Ultimately, when the essential brotherhood of man is truly embodied and expressed in a world organisation with all the necessary practical safeguards to make it effective, these powers would naturally be confided to that world organisation. Now I come to the second danger of these two marauders which threatens the cottage, the home, and the ordinary people- namely, tyranny. We cannot be blind to the fact that the liberties enjoyed by individual citizens throughout the British Empire are not valid in a considerable number of countries, some of which are very powerful. In these States control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of all-embracing police governments. The power of the State is exercised without restraint, either by dictators or by compact oligarchies operating through a privileged party and a political police. It is not our duty at this time when difficulties are so numerous to interfere forcibly in the internal affairs of countries which we have not conquered in war. But we must never cease to proclaim in fearless tones the great principles of freedom and the rights of man which are the joint inheritance of the English-speaking world and which through Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Habe as Corpus, trial by jury, and the English common law find their most famous expression in the American Declaration of Independence. All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practise- let us practise what we preach. I have now stated the two great dangers which menace the homes of the people: War and Tyranny. I have not yet spoken of poverty and privation which are in many cases the prevailing anxiety. But if the dangers of war and tyranny are removed, there is no doubt that science and co-operation can bring in the next few years to the world, certainly in the next few decades newly taught in the sharpening school of war, an expansion of material well-being beyond anything that has yet occurred in human experience. Now, at this sad and breathless moment, we are plunged in the hunger and distress which are the aftermath of our stupendous struggle; but this will pass and may pass quickly, and there is no reason except human folly of sub-human crime which should deny to all the nations the inauguration and enjoyment of an age of plenty. I have often used words which I learned fifty years ago from a great Irish-American orator, a friend of mine, Mr. Bourke Cockran. There is enough for all. The eart h is a generous mother; she will provide in plentiful abundance food for all her children if they will but cultivate her soil in justice and in peace. So far I feel that we are in full agreement. Now, while still pursuing the method of realising our overall strategic concept, I come to the crux of what I have travelled here to say. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States. This is no time for generalities, and I will venture to be precise. Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of society, but the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers, the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges. It should carry with it the continuance of the present facilities for mutual security by the joint use of all Naval a nd Air Force bases in the possession of either country all over the world. This would perhaps double the mobility of the American Navy and Air Force. It would greatly expand that of the British Empire Forces and it might well lead, if and as the world calms down, to important financial savings. Already we use together a large number of islands; more may well be entrusted to our joint care in the near future. The United States has already a Permanent Defence Agreement with the Dominion of Canada, which is so devotedly attached to the British Commonwealth and Empire. This Agreement is more effective than many of those which have often been made under formal alliances. This principle should be extended to all British Commonwealths with full reciprocity. Thus, whatever happens, and thus only, shall we be secure ourselves and able to work together for the high and simple causes that are dear to us and bode no ill to any. Eventually there may come- I feel eventually there will come- the principle of common citizenship, but that we may be content to leave to destiny, whose outstretched arm many of us can already clearly see. There is however an important question we must ask ourselves. Would a special relationship between the United States and the British Commonwealth be inconsistent with our over-riding loyalties to the World Organisation? I reply that, on the contrary, it is probably the only means by which that organisation will achieve its full stature and strength. There are already the special United States relations with Canada which I have just mentioned, and there are the special relations between the United States and the South American Republics. We British have our twenty years Treaty of Collaboration and Mutual Assistance with Soviet Russia. I agree with Mr. Bevin, the Foreign Secretary of Great Britain, that it might well be a fifty years Treaty so far as we are concerned. We aim at nothing but mutual assistance and collaboration. The British have an alliance with Portugal unbroken since 1384, and which produced fruitful results at critical moments in the late war. None of these clash with the general interest of a world agreement, or a world organisation; on the contrary they help it. In my fathers house are many mansions. Special associations between members of the United Nations which have no aggressive point against any other country, which harbour no design incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations, far from being harmful, are beneficial and, as I believe, indispensable. I spoke earlier of the Temple of Peace. Workmen from all countries must build that temple. If two of the workmen know each other particularly well and are old friends, if their families are inter-mingled, and if they have faith in each others purpose, hope in each others future and charity towards each others shortcomings- to quote some good words I read here the other day- why cannot they work together at the common task as friends and partners? Why cannot they share their tools and thus increase each others working powers? Indeed they must do so or else the temple may not be built, or, being built, it may collapse, and we shall all be proved again unteachable and have to go and try to learn again for a third time in a school of war, incomparably more rigorous than that from which we have just been released. The dark ages may return, the Stone Age may return on the gleaming wings of science, and what might now shower immeasurable material blessings upon mankind, may even bring about its total destruction. Beware, I say; time may be short. Do not let us take the course of allowing events to drift along until it is too late. If there is to be a fraternal association of the kind I have described, with all the extra strength and security which both our countries can derive from it, let us make sure that that great fact is known to the world, and that it plays its part in steadying and stabilising the foundations of peace. There is the path of wisdom. Prevention is better than cure. A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organisation intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytising tendencies. I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain- and I doubt not here also- towards the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. We understand the Russian need to be secure on her western frontiers by the removal of all possibility of German aggression. We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. Above all, we welcome constant, frequent and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my duty how ever, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone- Greece with its immortal glories- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence an d power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy. Turkey and Persia are both profoundly alarmed and disturbed at the claims which are being made upon them and at the pressure being exerted by the Moscow Government. An attempt is being made by the Russians in Berlin to build up a quasi-Communist party in their zone of Occupied Germany by showing special favours to groups of left-wing German leaders. At the end of the fighting last June, the American and British Armies withdrew westwards, in accordance with an earlier agreement, to a depth at some points of 150 miles upon a front of nearly four hundred miles, in order to allow our Russian allies to occupy this vast expanse of territory which the Western Democracies had conquered. If now the Soviet Government tries, by separate action, to build up a pro-Communist Germany in their areas, this will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones, and will give the defeated Germans the power of putting themselves up to auction between the Soviets and the Western Democracies. Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts- and facts they are- this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace. The safety of the world requires a new unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung. Twice in our own lifetime we have seen the United States, against their wishes and their traditions, against arguments, the force of which it is impossible not to comprehend, drawn by irresistible forces, into these wars in time to secure the victory of the good cause, but only after frightful slaughter and devastation had occurred. Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men across the Atlantic to find the war; but now war can find any nation, wherever it may dwell between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe, within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with its Charter. That I feel is an open cause of policy of very great impor tance. In front of the iron curtain which lies across Europe are other causes for anxiety. In Italy the Communist Party is seriously hampered by having to support the Communist-trained Marshal Titos claims to former Italian territory at the head of the Adriatic. Nevertheless the future of Italy hangs in the balance. Again one cannot imagine a regenerated Europe without a strong France. All my public life I have worked for a strong France and I never lost faith in her destiny, even in the darkest hours. I will not lose faith now. However, in a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist centre. Except in the British Commonwealth and in the United States where Communism is in its infancy, the Communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilisation. These are sombre facts for anyone to have to recite on the morrow of a victory gained by so much splendid comradeship in arms and in the cause of freedom and democracy; but we should be most unwise not to face them squarely while time remains. The outlook is also anxious in the Far East and especially in Manchuria. The Agreement which was made at Yalta, to which I was a party, was extremely favourable to Soviet Russia, but it was made at a time when no one could say that the German war might not extend all through the summer and autumn of 1945 and when the Japanese war was expected to last for a further 18 months from the end of the German war. In this country you are all so well-informed about the Far East, and such devoted friends of China, that I do not need to expatiate on the situation there. I have felt bound to portray the shadow which, alike in the west and in the east, falls upon the world. I was a high minister at the time of the Versailles Treaty and a close friend of Mr. Lloyd-George, who was the head of the British delegation at Versailles. I did not myself agree with many things that were done, but I have a very strong impression in my mind of that situation, and I find it painful to contrast it with that which prevails now. In those days there were high hopes and unbounded confidence that the wars were over, and that the League of Nations would become all-powerful. I do not see or feel that same confidence or even the same hopes in the haggard world at the present time. On the other hand I repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable; still more that it is imminent. It is because I am sure that our fortunes are still in our own hands and that we hold the power to save the future, that I feel the duty to speak out now that I have the occasion and the opportunity to do so. I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines. But what we have to consider here to-day while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of appeasement. What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become. From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. We cannot afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a trial of strength. If the Western Democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter, their influence for furthering those principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If however they become divided or falter in their duty and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all. Last time I saw it all coming and cried aloud to my own fellow-countrymen and to the world, but no one paid any attention. Up till the year 1933 or even 1935, Germany might have been saved from the awful fate which has overtaken her and we might all have been spared the miseries Hitler let loose upon mankind. There never was a war in all history easier to prevent by timely action than the one which has just desolated such great areas of the globe. It could have been prevented in my belief without the firing of a single shot, and Germany might be powerful, prosperous and honoured to-day; but no one would listen and one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool. We surely must not let that happen again. This can only be achieved by reaching now, in 1946, a good understanding on all points with Russia under the general authority of the United Nations Organisation and by the maintenance of that good understanding through many peaceful years, by the world instrument, supported by the whole strength of the English-speaking world and all its connections. There is the solution which I respectfully offer to you in this Address to which I have given the title The Sinews of Peace. Let no man underrate the abiding power of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Because you see the 46 millions in our island harassed about their food supply, of which they only grow one half, even in war-time, or because we have difficulty in restarting our industries and export trade after six years of passionate war effort, do not suppose that we shall not come through these dark years of privation as we have come through the glorious years of agony, or that half a century from now, you will not see 70 or 80 millions of Britons spread about the world and united in defence of our traditions, our way of life, and of the world causes which you and we espouse. If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealths be added to that of the United States with all that such co-operation implies in the air, on the sea, all over the globe and in science and in industry, and in moral force, there will be no quivering, precarious balance of power to offer its temptation to ambition or advent ure. On the contrary, there will be an overwhelming assurance of security. If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in sedate and sober strength seeking no ones land or treasure, seeking to lay no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men; if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the high-roads of the future will be clear, not only for us but for all, not only for our time, but for a century to come. * The text of Sir Winston Churchills The Sinews of Peace speech is quoted in its entirety from Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897-1963 Volume VII: 1943-1949 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974) 7285-7293.

Sap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Sap - Essay Example In allocating costs, SAP utilizes transaction based and periodic allocations. Periodic allocations are generally known as periodic reposting methods. Periodic reposting enables the user to adjust postings transferred to cost centers, business processes or internal orders. Transaction postings made under periodic reposting yield similar results to those posted under transaction based reposting (Periodic Allocations). Under periodic allocation, reposting has an effect felt only once on actual costs incurred at the end of the period. Postings are usually made on costs related to controlling, which include telephone, postal charges, and insurance costs that are all accounted for in financial accounting. These costs incurred are then posted to an allocation cost center or a specific business process. Periodic reposting widely uses distribution and assessment allocation, and indirect activity allocation method. Under distribution and assessment methods, primary and secondary costs are allocated from cost center accounting and activity based costing. Allocations can be based on costs or quantities where the user is dealing with indirect activity allocations. The costs or quantities are collected on a cost center during the accounting period and allocated to receivers according to keys defined by the user. These are the same methods used in indirect allocation method except that exchange of activities is not the basis of allocating costs or quantities. In indirect allocation, distribution and assessment methods utilize user defined keys such as amounts, percentages, statistical key figures or assignment basis provided for by the amount posted. Distribution and assessment methods define keys as well as the sender and receiver relationships only once; therefore being easy to use. Methods are also advantageous over direct allocation methods in that they can be used for cost centers (Periodic

Infectious Disease found in the Developing World Research Paper

Infectious Disease found in the Developing World - Research Paper Example It is described as an obligate parasite with humans as its natural reservoir. Salmonella typhi is a gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacterioceae. It is a â€Å"multi-organ pathogen that inhabits the lymphatic tissues of the small intestine, liver, spleen, and bloodstream of infected humans† (Pollack, 2003). It does not usually inhabit or infect animals and the bacterium is most common in developing nations where sanitation is poor and there is limited supply of antibiotics. It is also described as a motile and facultative anaerobe which is very much susceptible to the action of antibiotics. There are about 107 strains of this bacterium which have already been isolated. Many of these strains have different metabolic characteristics and degrees of virulence; some of them are multi-drug resistant. Scientists studying this bacterium narrate that it contains the typical endotoxin expected of Gram-negative microorganisms as well as the Vi antigen which usually increase s the virulence of the bacterium. It is also known to excrete ‘invasin’, a protein that lets non-phagocytic cells take the bacterium, and later enables it to live inside the cell. This ‘invasin’ sometimes also prevents the oxidative burst of leukocytes, thereby preventing the innate immune response to the bacterium (Pollack, 2003). Typhoid fever is transmitted through the oral-fecal route. It is transmitted orally through food which is handled by an individual who frequently sheds the salmonella typhi bacterium through his stool or sometimes through his urine. The hand-to-mouth transmission is also possible â€Å"after using a contaminated toilet and neglecting hand hygiene† (Brusch, et.al., 2008). It may also be transmitted through sewage contaminated water ingested by humans. Shellfish which is taken from contaminated water, raw fruits and vegetables which are fertilized with contaminated sewage are also possible contaminants. High incidence rates are

Williams Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Williams Syndrome - Essay Example Williams Syndrome A Michael Williams can't go out the door without getting lost, yet can play almost anything. The brains of people with Williams syndrome are on average 15 percent smaller than normal. This size reduction almost comes from underdeveloped dorsal regions (Grice, Spratling, Karmiloff-Smith, Halit, Csibra, de Haan & Johnson, 2001). Because of the missing genes, a Williams person is liable to weakness in some functions regarding space and other abstractions. Fortunately, he is also endowed with some abilities like in processing emotion, sound and language wherein he may excel (Dobbs 2007, Bellugi, et al. 2000). As early as at birth, the Williams child comes faced with visible challenges (Science Daily, 2006). A Williams person, therefore, should not be looked upon as necessarily weird or hopeless. In music, for example, he may be able to excel if given the right preparation (williams-syndrome.org, 2008). Williams syndrome is the deletion of one of the two #7 chromosomes and is missing the gene that makes the protein elastin, a protein which provides strength and elasticity to vessel walls. Named after cardiologist Dr. J.C.P. Williams of New Zealand, and recognized in 1961, it is a rare congenital disorder characterized by physical and development problems. WS persons usually exhibit "elfin-like" facial features, heart and blood vessel problems, irritability during infancy, dental and kidney abnormalities, hyperacusis or sensitive hearing, and musculoskeletal problems (Levitin, Menon, Schmitt, Eliez, White, Glover, Kadis, Korenberg, Bellugi & Reiss, 2003). Williams syndrome is estimated to occur in 1/7,500 births which causes medical and developmental problems (williams-syndrome.org). It is present at birth, and affects males and females equally. It can occur in all ethnic groups and has been identified in countries throughout the world (williams-syndrome.org). Just like autism, this syndrome is a developmental disorder commonly described as having difficulties in integrating perceptual features, i.e. binding spatially separate elements into a whole. (Grice, et al. 2001). Common features of WS There are common features of Williams syndrome and three are most notable: characteristic facial appearance, overly friendly or excessively social personality and developmental delay, learning disabilities and attention deficit (williams-syndrome.org). Characteristic facial appearance. Most young children with Williams syndrome are described as having similar facial features. These features which tend to be recognized by only a trained geneticist or birth defects specialist, include a small upturned nose, long philtrum (upper lip length), wide mouth, full lips, small chin, and puffiness around the eyes. Blue and green-eyed children with Williams syndrome can have a prominent "starburst" or white lacy pattern on their iris. Overly friendly or excessively social personality. Individuals with Williams syndrome have a very endearing personality. They have a unique strength in their expressive language skills, and are extremely polite. They are typically unafraid of strangers and show a greater interest in contact with adults than with their peers. This behavior is opposite to that seen in autism (Bellugi, et al. 1999). This is the same observation noted in

Case perspectives in the juvenile justice system Essay

Case perspectives in the juvenile justice system - Essay Example prit, and deciding severity of the crime, as well as recommending suitable correctional methods in order to transform the delinquent and prevent recurrence. Comprehensive intervention programs, with the help of affordable, accessible, and appropriate to all concerned, should be used to fostering cooperation among families, schools, and communities to interact with child offenders who are prone to commit serious and violent crimes. After schools programs under the supervision of caring adults will inculcate resilience in children and transform them into successful adolescents. Children in the USA are arrested, under the provisions of â€Å"Juvenile Justice System,† on suspicion of violating criminal laws for frequent truancy, running away from home, violating curfew, possession of alcohol, possession of marijuana, and shoplifting. â€Å"Compared with juveniles who start offending in adolescence, child delinquents (age 12 and younger) are two to three times more likely to become tomorrow’s serious and violent offenders.† (US Department of Justice, 2003). It is observed that school-age children and teens that are unsupervised during the hours after school are far more likely to use drugs, engage in criminal and other high risk behavior, receive poor grades, and drop out of school than those children who have the opportunity to benefit from constructive activities supervised by responsible adults. The absence of father or a peer or equivalent in the home magnifies the negative impact of mother-child relationship upon adolescent problem b ehavior. Data compiled by the National Centre for Juvenile Justice and Office for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention shows that â€Å"the peak hours for violent juvenile crime are between 3.00 PM to 8.00PM because millions of young children after school are left without responsible adult supervision or constructive activities.† At this juncture we should not forget the words of President Clinton that â€Å"we must make sure that

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss Coursework

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss - Coursework Example Since Levis is considered a status symbol and commands a premium from European and Asian consumers, wherein the U.S. its status has been eroded by the competitors like Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren, it motivates Levis to sell its products in the global market. Levis also has to customize its offering as per local taste as different markets have varied needs in terms of size, color etc i.e. achieve national responsiveness and also has to take advantage of low-cost raw material, production facilities where ever they are available i.e. global integration. A transnational strategy seeks to achieve high levels of both national responsiveness and global integration simultaneously by overcoming the tradeoff between the conflicting demands of the two pressures (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1991). Thus Levis has employed the transnational strategy by allowing its foreign subsidiaries to customize the jeans as per local taste with variety of colors and sizes for greater local/national responsiveness - achieving external flexibility and keeping the production facility centralized, at the most cost-effective places, procuring the raw material from the cheapest suppliers and supplying them throughout and transferring of learning from one market to other markets ensures global integration - the internal efficiency. For example, marketing knowledge learned on Decker’s in the U.S. was transferred to Europe. An organization’s structure is determined by the strategy it pursues. Levis follows a transnational strategy to achieve its goals, which requires a strategic combination of global standardization and local customization i.e. dynamic flexibility. The centralization/decentralization required by a firm depends on demand for global integration and local responsiveness.  

Comparing genres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparing genres - Essay Example Knives, guns, chainsaws, physical violence is extreme in nature and is frequently used in horror movies. On the other hand, action movies are packed more with body blows and gun fire. Violence is relatively less intense in action movies. Karate and Ju-Jitsu are often used by the protagonist to paralyze the enemy. Movies like ‘Lethal Weapon’ and ‘Bad Company’ suffice this notion as the protagonists in both movies use guns and their own bodily actions to neutralize the opponent. One thing is evident that the protagonist (the good guy) in action movies is never brutal; he never kills an innocent person and generally avoids bloodshed. Sex scenes are quite similar in both horror and action genres. In action movies, the protagonists are usually found making out with attractive females, movies like the ‘A-Team’ and ‘Lethal Weapon Series’ are good examples. In horror movies, usually a couple is shown engaged in sexual activity and the monster or the evil creature enters the room and starts killing people. Most probably the idea is to stir the emotional extremities of the audience by first engaging them in a relax mode by showing seductive erotic scenes and then shocking them by showing blood and gore. ‘Friday the 13th’ and ‘A Nightmare on Elm Street’ are known for such cinematic strategies. Racism is present in both genres but horror movies show a more disgusting way of spewing this issue. Movies, like ‘Scream’, ‘Cloverfield’ and ‘Friday the 13th’ show very degrading aspects of racism by nearly humiliating black community. Action movies in comparison are packed more with sophistication therefore the racism is also portrayed very intelligently. ‘Lethal Weapon Series’ shows a clumsy cop following the orders of a smart white police officer. Moreover in the movie ‘Training Day’, the black police officer is portrayed as the criminal who

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss Coursework

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss - Coursework Example Since Levis is considered a status symbol and commands a premium from European and Asian consumers, wherein the U.S. its status has been eroded by the competitors like Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren, it motivates Levis to sell its products in the global market. Levis also has to customize its offering as per local taste as different markets have varied needs in terms of size, color etc i.e. achieve national responsiveness and also has to take advantage of low-cost raw material, production facilities where ever they are available i.e. global integration. A transnational strategy seeks to achieve high levels of both national responsiveness and global integration simultaneously by overcoming the tradeoff between the conflicting demands of the two pressures (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1991). Thus Levis has employed the transnational strategy by allowing its foreign subsidiaries to customize the jeans as per local taste with variety of colors and sizes for greater local/national responsiveness - achieving external flexibility and keeping the production facility centralized, at the most cost-effective places, procuring the raw material from the cheapest suppliers and supplying them throughout and transferring of learning from one market to other markets ensures global integration - the internal efficiency. For example, marketing knowledge learned on Decker’s in the U.S. was transferred to Europe. An organization’s structure is determined by the strategy it pursues. Levis follows a transnational strategy to achieve its goals, which requires a strategic combination of global standardization and local customization i.e. dynamic flexibility. The centralization/decentralization required by a firm depends on demand for global integration and local responsiveness.  

Coffee and Key Potential Group Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Key Potential Group Essay Starbucks – Going global fast: Case study Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. Uncontrollable elements The uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: volatility of market, decline consumption of younger generation, and rising dairy costs. Volatility of market Starbucks is heavily reliant on the supply and on the prices of coffee. Although Starbucks has supply agreements with suppliers in advance, the company could still face problems due to fluctuating coffee prices. Other factors, such as weather and economic conditions in coffee producing countries, also affect Starbucks operations. Decline consumption of young adults. The 20-30 year-old age group of coffee consumption is decreasing now, and this group prefers other drinks, such as soft drinks. These young adults will be the key potential group for Starbucks future market. The declining consumption of this group will bring further problems to the companys future development (The market for hot drinks, 2004). Rising dairy costs. According to Starbucks record, dairy costs rose about 40% year on year and this might affect the companys cost of goods. Milk and other dairy products account for around 3% and 5% of companys sale. Now Starbucks might carry out its first systematic price rise on beverages in the next four years. Since the prices of Starbucks products are more expensive than other similar products, further price rising might affect the companys operations so the company might lose some customers. The controllable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: strong competition and labor issues.

Lost In The Barrens, Farley Mowat | Analysis

Lost In The Barrens, Farley Mowat | Analysis Lost In The Barrens by Farley Mowat is a fictional wilderness survival novel which introduces two young teenagers, Jamie Macnair and Awasin Meewasin. At the beginning, Jamie goes up to the northern part of Canada to live with his uncle, Angus Macnair. As Jamie arrived, he quickly introduced to Awasin and becomes friends with him. He finds out that Awasin is the son of the Crees chief. The leader of Chipewyan (the Crees rival), Denikazi along with his men come for help as they were starving due to lack of deer in the north.. Awasins mother had suspicion that the Chipewyan were trying to deceive them, although the boys still agree to go to the Indian village to prove that they need supplies. Both Jamie and Awasin join the Chipewyan on their way back to the camp of the Chipewyan and as they arrive, Denikazi thought that the boys were going to join them in the hunt but told both the boys to return to the camp with two young Chipewyans. Denkazi warned them that If they were to encounter E skimos, they were to abandon the camp and go home. In this novel, both the Chipewyans and the Crees are afraid of the Eskimos. (Denikazi told the both the boys an incident where the Chipewyans went on a hunt for deer in the north and encountered Eskimos. The Eskimos got guns and fought the Chipewyans which led to the fear of the Eskimos). Jamie, Awasin and the two Chipewyan boys go back to the camp but as soon as they get back Jamie decides to go explore and tricks Awasin to join him. They venture up with their boat to the stone house that one of the two Chipewyans boys had told them about. They try to find it but they hit a whirlpool and they barely survive it. Gathering what they could from their broken canoe, they realize they dont have enough to survive, they cannot use their canoe and now they are stranded in the barrens. The two young Chipewyan boys notice that both Jamie and Awasin have disappeared, so they go searching for them. The two boys saw an Eskimo kayak and ran back to the camp. Jamie and Awasin decide to go all the way to where Denikazi and the other hunters, so they can join them. But one of Denikazis men see an Eskimo and the whole group flees, passing through Jamie and Awasins camp during the night. Later on, Jamie and Awasin soon realize that Denikazi and his men have passed by their camp already and decide that they have to get some sort of shelter and food for their survival. They soon find the stone house and figure out that it was a grave of a Viking. Soon, they go hunting for does, ground squirrels, fish and buck(that migrate). Winter arrives and they survive it by discovering a valley where there is wood for them to build shelter and create heat. There were also bucks that were not migrating and spending their winter here. One day, the weather is not as cold as any other winter and the boys decide to head back home gathering up most of their supplies onto a sled they have created. They find two dogs and the sled pulled by the two dogs they recently found. Their names were Fang and Ayuskeemos and they were huskies belonging to the Eskimos. Trouble occurs with the two boys when they get snow blindness and eventually the boys realize that they cant make it and try to go back to their cabin. On their way ba ck, a blizzard storm comes and they find a igloo where they crawl in. In the morning, they realize that the igloo belonged to an Eskimo as he returned. The Eskimos dog get into a fight with Fang and Ayuskeemo and it is broken up by Jamie and the Eskimo. Working together, Jamie and Awasin learn that the Eskimos name is Peetuk, the son of a white Englishman and an Eskimo woman. They become friends and visit the Eskimos where the three finally make it back to the Cree camp. Jamie and Awasin finally make it back home where they established their whole adventure was all about friendship, trust and survival. Authors Biography War Service: Farley Mowat was part of the military during the Second World War and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Second Battalion. He went overseas joining the Canadian Army in the United Kingdom. He served throughout the war as a commander and moved to Italy in September of 1943. He stayed in Italy in the first Canadian infantry division for most of the way, eventually promoted to captain. Later on, Mowat was discharged at the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945 as a captain. Lost of the Barrens can be reflected towards the Second World War Mowat was in. In comparison, being in war and being lost in the barrens reflect on survival. Mowat uses his writing in this case to talk about survival. Lost in the Barrens is all about survival and he puts his writing to reflect what he has gone through in the past Except as a teenager in the wilderness. Early Life: Farley Mowat was born in Belleville, Ontario on May 12th 1921 and he has been a writer since he was a child. He recalls composing à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"mostly verseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  living with his family in Windsor from 1930 to 1933. He published a regular column based on observation of birds in the star Phoenix after moving to Saskatoon with his family. It seems as Fowats life is reflected on his writing, comparing his imagination. Lost of the Barrens is full of imagination which Jamie shows throughout the whole book. Jamie is the character that has the biggest imagination in the whole novel. He tries imagine himself in the wilderness and his curiosity kills him to the point he tricks Awasin to join him to explore what he imagines. In comparison, Mowat is similar in a way. As a child, Mowat had a huge imagination where he reflects his creative writing and his imagination into a story. Hes reflecting the imagination Jamie has with the imagination he has in his writing for Lost in the Barrens. 5 Historical Time Period (Era) The Cold War: The Cold War was a political conflict that existed after World War II between the communism due to the Soviet Union and the powers of the Western World, primarily the United States and its allies. Although the Soviet Union and the United States did not attack directly, they expressed their conflicts indirectly through military alliances, strategic conventional force drops, proxy wars, propaganda and nuclear arm races. The Cold War featured periods of the relative calm and of international high tension (specially) the Korean war and the Vietnam war. This time era relates to Lost in the Barrens shows the rivalry between the Chipewyan and the Crees as they were always enemies in the book as there would be always competition for food and land. It can be a comparison with Korean War that happened between both South Korea and North Korea. The Korean war happened due to communism and democracy for the dominance for each section of Korea. Mowat reflects the conflict between the Cree and the Chipewyan to the conflict that North Korea and South Korea had. Art in the 1950s: Early 1950s Jackson Pollock and Willem De Kooning were enormously influential to the art industry. Although, during the late 1950s, Barnett Newman and Mark Rothkos painting became more in focus to the next generation. Pop Art use the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. With its roots in dadaism, it started to take form towards the end of 1950s when some of European artists started to make the symbols and product of the world of advertising and propaganda the main subject of their artistic work. Art is reflected in Mowats writing comparing Jamies handcrafting skills to the 1950s. Mowat wanted to reflect how art was a part of the time era he was in while writing this novel, making Jamie the artistic one being able to craft shelter for their safety. 6 Genres Fiction: A fiction is a type of genre where the narrator deals with events which is imaginary. There are different types of fictions, but Lost in the Barrens was written as a semi fictional novel. It is set with two teenagers whom do realistic things (surviving in the wilderness with what they have). The two, Jamie and Awasin go join a tribe to hunt but then get lost and stranded in the barrens Although on the contrasting side where if two teenagers were to be lost in the barren land wilderness; they would most likely not survive. Here, this is reflected on Mowats past with his experience with his imagination. Fiction narration is usually creative writing that is made up by the author using their imagination. Mowat uses his writing to express his imagination in comparison to a fictional novel with is usually written using ones imagination. Wilderness Survival: Wilderness survival is a type of genre where the narrator deals with events in the wilderness. Lost in the Barrens sets a good example of wilderness survival. The two teenagers, Jamie and Awasin get lost in the barrens, where they must strive to survive. Awasin knows the wilderness well, so he is able to hunt for food. Jamie knows how to craft object, which leads to Jamie being the person making all the shelters. Mowats writing is reflected in the novel to a combination of his experience in the war and the experience he had in the north of Canada with the Inuits. In comparison to Jamie and Awasin, he reflects his experience in the World War II with the imagination of what he saw in the north of Canada to write this novel. 7 Themes Man vs. Nature: Man vs. Nature is a element that is a part of fictional literature. It is usually defined as a problem and nature is usually either the protagonist or antagonist. In Lost in the Barrens, nature is known as the true antagonist. Both the boys, Jamie and Awasin struggle to survive in the harsh conditions they are in. They show their true courage by hunting and surviving a grizzly bear attack. Both the boys have different variety of skills; Awasin being able to hunt, fish and make clothing. Awasin is proven to be clever by igniting a fire with what he is given. Jamie, in the other hand is the creative one. He is the one who builds the shelter (stone igloo and wooden cabin). He is able to think outside the box and with both their traits, they are successful with beating nature with their teamwork. Man vs. Nature is apart of fictional literature which is where Mowats creative writing comes in. Mowat uses his imagination and past experience to reflect how he feels towards a certain situatio n. He has also been in wars which is where he reflects his war experience with a part of this novel. Being able to survive a war is similar to surviving the wilderness with no supplies. Intercultural Friendships: Intercultural friendships is a theme where people of different cultures and backgrounds work together and gain trust from one another. In Lost in the Barrens, Awasin and Jamie became friends when they first met but became a lot more closer when they relied on each other to survive. Near the end of the novel, when the boys were barely going to survive Peetyuk, an Eskimo came and rescued them. Eskimos were known as a dangerous group towards the Cree and the Chipewyan. Jamie helps Awasin trust Peetyuk although the Crees have always been suspicious and afraid of the Eskimos. Mowats writing is reflected in the novel with his past. With the past experience he had with the Inuits up on the north. He was outraged at the Inuits where they were racist towards his skin colour. His experience is showing that trust must be put within all races for a world of freedom and acceptance. 8 Conclusion Personal, I really enjoyed this novel for what it was. I never expected it to be enjoyable, the novel cover and description made the novel look extremely dull and boring. Im extremely surprised that an brown coloured person and a white coloured got along in the novel, which caught me extremely off guard. The novel had a lot of adventure, action, scenes where you could just imagine in your head and just pretended you were just there and lots of intensity. There is a lot of teamwork Awasin being the knowledgeable one with the wilderness and Jamie having the gift of being able to craft objects, making shelter later on. Farley Mowat is an excellent author who has a lot of imagination and creativity with his writing. He relates a lot of his observations to his writing and adds in his imagination towards his novel(s). I would recommend anyone who has a huge imagination and enjoys nature and camping to read this novel. It may look extremely boring and dull, but later on It gets REALLY (see how I emphasize on really) interesting and enjoyable. I can understand why this novel won two awards. 9 Biblography 1950s Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Cold War International History Projects Cold War Files. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Farley Mowat. Eco Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Mowat, Farley The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Mowat, Farley. Lost in the Barrens; . [1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. Print.] 10 Environmental Issue Investigation: Water in India Environmental Issue Investigation: Water in India Student name: June This scientific report talks about water scarcity in India. As Indias growing population increasing sharply, economic develops rapidly and agriculture needs water a lot, these factors aggravate India water crisis. First, the purpose of this research is to identify how to improve water quality and what action the government could take. I found the information online. The finding section mentions the water situation in India is really bad and the future is not optimistic. In the discussion, I talked about my findings again and listed some solutions which were found online to address water stress, for instance, government should encourage citizens to save water. In conclusion and recommendation section, I conclude the whole ideas and provide one research limitation for this report. The purpose of the research is to analyze water scarcity in India and propose some suggestions to remit this issue. An action plan will be worked out at last. Fresh water is very scarce in the world because 97% of the water is saltwater which means only 3% is fresh water. People use fresh water for agriculture mostly. Furthermore, people need 20 to 40 liters of fresh water every day for drinking, cooking and sanitation needs. It is obvious that human needs high fresh water demand and it seems hard to reduce it. Rivers and lakes in India had been polluted with chemical contamination like fluoride and arsenic. These toxic substances had been caused many diseases on children. In order to make the water clean again, India should adopt secondary treatment since India was not that rich. Aquatic ecosystem is really important to the environment because it not only can purify water quality but also provide habitats for wild life. My hypothesis is to address Indias water crisis, the government should improve water quality and educate people to conserve water. Firstly, I researched the root causes of India water crisis online and then came out of three points. Secondly, solutions could be put forward as soon as the causes were found out. The internet had shown a mass of solutions to address Indias water woes and I picked some of them in this scientific report. I researched the assistance offered by international organizations as well. I also investigated the new technology which could conserve fresh water in India. The sources of information were chosen by the suffix of URL was org. or after I read the article and I made sure it was academic and useful for my report. I research this information at the same time so I am sure I researched equally. India accounts for only 4% of the worlds water resources, but it needs to feed 17% of the worlds population. It is estimated that India will become a water-stressed nation in 2020.India has lower supply of water and requests higher demand of water. One of the key fresh water issues in India is unsafe and impure water. Although India had improved their drinking water, the World Bank figured out that 21% of Indias diseases were caused by dirty water. Over 1,600 deaths happened per day because of diarrhea. Another key fresh water issues in India that I had found was the loss of surface water. Once surface water is exhausted, people dig to find more water. Groundwater levels across 4,000 wells studied by the authors have receded by 54% in the last seven years. (Dutta, 2015) The study below with a picture illustrating that 80% of the surface water in northwestern India had been run out. Water is going to be exhaustible in the near future in India. ( http://qz.com/353707/india-is-already-f acing-a-water-crisis-and-it-is-only-going-to-get-worse/)   The decreasing groundwater levels mean water is becoming scarcer for people to dig and acquire. Therefore, water stress is a troublesome issue for Indian farmers to overcome. The third key fresh water issue may be waste water. In order to address this issue, India must educate people to store water and how to dam. They need to change their way of washing dishes since they wasted most of water in this case. Next, they can save their leaking water in their homes and other public areas. According to the picture above, only less than 10% locations of India is in low supply. Most of the areas in this picture had shown that the northwestern India and south were facing serve water shortages, which Accounts for 54% of the proportion of the total. The findings were successful in light of the hypothesis. The intention of my hypothesis was to certify the two proposals. One is to clean water and another one is to conserve water resources. I had done appropriate interpretation in the finding section. Lets put it in this way, Indias water crisis could be divided into many causes, including man-made pollution, wasting water and natural factor such as the loss of groundwater in northwestern India for the using of agriculture. India is not a big country but it has a large growing population. Therefore, Indian government should increase the water supply but people also need to decrease water demand. In order to clean water quality, India government needs to adopt the secondary treatment to improve. Meanwhile, people need to be imparted how to conserve water in their daily life. To conclude, the likelihood for success of the proposed solution would be really high since the solutions were not quite tough for Indian to solve water crisis at present. The government should educate people to conserve and impure water as soon as possible. The research barrier is we could only research English version websites instead of Chinese version. Some detailed information, news and articles were not supposed to be used which means I may miss some useful points. Regrettably, it seems that this problem cannot be addressed because Chinese version websites are not allowed to be used in academic research report in GAC course. Some further research such as recently how India treats water problem and how effective these solutions are could be done. Sonia, L. Amrita, K. (2013), Indias Water Crisis: Cause and Cures NBR [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=356 [Accessed 28th Sep. 2016] Debu, C. (2013-16), Water crisis in India- problem and its solution MapsofIndia [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/water-the-next-looming-crisis [Accessed 28th Sep. 2016] THE WIRE STAFF,(2016), Indias Water Woes, in Five Charts THE WIRE [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://thewire.in/29746/indias-water-woes-in-five-charts/ [Accessed 28th Sep. 2016] The Importance of Freshwater (2004), Uni Assignment [Online]. Available from: http://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/environmental-sciences/the-importance-of-freshwater-resources-environmental-sciences-essay.php [Accessed 5th Oct. 2016] The Importance of Fresh Water(2010), Editorials [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://editorials.voa.gov/a/the-importance-of-fresh-water-88867567/1481752.html [Accessed 5th Oct. 2016] Understanding the Aquatic Ecosystem (2012), Aquatic Ecosystem.org [Online]. Available from: http://aquaticecosystem.org/understanding-the-aquatic-ecosystem/ [Accessed 6th Oct. 2016] Key freshwater issues, WWF [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/rivers_and_lakes/key_issues/ [Accessed 6th Oct. 2016] The Water Sanitation Crisis in India (2016), water.org [Online]. Available from:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   http://water.org/country/india/ [Accessed 6th Oct. 2016] Saptarishi, D. (2015), India is already facing a water crisis- and it is only going to get wore QUARTZ [Online]. Available from: http://qz.com/353707/india-is-already-facing-a-water-crisis-and-it-is-only-going-to-get-worse/ [Accessed 8th Oct. 2016]